A graphene-silicon sandwich is the basis for obtaining neutrinoelectricity

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4 days ago
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Competition for resources is intensifying globally, with military forces actively involved. Clearly, this is only the first stage in the struggle for strategic materials such as rare earth metals and fossil fuels. While alternatives for rare earth metals are difficult to find, fossil fuels can be replaced with alternative energy sources.

Alternative energy, including wind and solar power, is gradually finding its niche in the electricity generation market. Electric vehicles are also becoming an increasingly popular replacement for traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Despite the significant potential of solar and wind energy, their dependence on natural conditions limits the feasibility of large-scale construction of corresponding power plants. Neutrinovoltaic technology is being considered as a promising energy field capable of overcoming this limitation. It has successfully completed preliminary theoretical modeling and laboratory testing and is now moving from fundamental research to practical engineering development. This technology proposes using neutrinos as a potentially important energy source. Using a multilayer heterostructure based on graphene and nanosilicon, the technology harnesses the process of converting invisible radiation present throughout the universe into continuous and stable electrical energy. The technology has a preliminary theoretical basis, as well as experimental verification of its operating principles and precise material design. This opens new possibilities for addressing the energy crisis and ensuring energy justice.

Neutrinovoltaic's research is based on a thorough analysis of the physical properties of neutrinos and experimental verification of the coherent elastic neutrino-nuclear scattering (CEvNS) effect. This effect was discovered during the COHERENT experiment. COHERENT is a cutting-edge experiment that reliably observed coherent elastic neutrino scattering by nuclei for the first time and continues to advance our understanding of neutrino physics. A key aspect of Neutrinovoltaic's technology is the detection of the momentum transferred to neutrinos via the CevNS effect. This effect is based on the elastic scattering of neutrinos by target nuclei. Coherent superposition of scattering amplitudes significantly increases the probability of interaction, resulting in significant momentum and energy being delivered to the target nucleus. Neutrinos have unique properties and interaction mechanisms, making them suitable for energy production.

The operating principle of Neutrinovoltaic systems differs from traditional renewable energy sources. They rely on the additive interaction of various fluxes, including neutrino scattering by electrons, unusual interactions with quarks and electrons, and coherent elastic neutrino scattering by nuclei (CEνNS). Additionally, the process involves cosmic muons, radio-frequency and microwave fields, thermal fluctuations, and mechanical microvibrations. These microscopic interactions sum to produce a net energy output. Thanks to their combined effect, the system operates continuously, regardless of weather conditions such as lack of sunlight or windlessness, ensuring a constant energy flow.

Holger Thorsten Schubart, President of the Neutrino Energy Group

Neutrinovoltaic's fuel-free technology is based on a multilayer nanomaterial composed of graphene and doped silicon. This innovative material was developed by a team of scientists from Neutrino Energy, led by mathematician Holger Thorsten Schubart. Graphene-silicon compounds with a modified crystal structure belong to the class of misfit materials. Their distinctive feature—their lattice mismatch—endows them with special properties that are used in modern energy technologies, including Neutrinovoltaic technology.

Energy conversion is made more efficient by the combined action of piezoelectric, triboelectric, and flexoelectric effects in the graphene-silicon nanoheterostructure. Laboratory studies have shown that the optimal 12-layer structure provides an efficiency of 35-42%. The piezoelectric effect generates a potential difference during periodic deformation of the interface, theoretically accounting for 70% of the total energy input. The triboelectric effect increases the surface area for charge transfer, accounting for 20% of the theoretically possible contribution. The flexoelectric effect facilitates polarization due to bending deformation, and its contribution is estimated at 10%. The synergistic interaction of these three factors has overcome the efficiency limitations inherent in individual mechanisms. It is important to note that this refers to the efficiency of energy conversion from microscopic vibrations, not the direct conversion of neutrino energy into electricity.

Схематичное изображение misfit‑материала графен - кремний — Schematic representation of the graphene-silicon misfit material

To improve the interlayer structure, precise control of the interlayer spacing within 0.5-0.8 nm is used, enabling strong adhesion. In a 22-layer structure, the vibration gain can reach 120 times, significantly increasing signal transmission efficiency. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is also used to optimize the interface, achieving a potential difference of 68-69 mV for a single-layer structure. After multilayer stacking, the total potential can be increased to 1.507 V, providing powerful electrical support for high-performance electronic equipment.

The efficiency of wafer generation is directly related to the quality of the layer deposition technology used in the nanomaterial. The past two decades, marked by intensive research, have seen a significant acceleration in progress thanks to the integration of artificial intelligence into computing processes.

Neutrinovoltaic technology requires materials that not only conduct electricity but also exhibit resonant properties. These materials must be able to interact with ultra-weak energy pulses, converting them into a directed electron flow. This is becoming possible thanks to the atomic precision of graphene. When combined with n-doped silicon or new materials such as MXenes and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), graphene forms multilayer composites. These composites are capable of resonating at the quantum level, amplifying even the weakest pulses generated by neutrinos and other invisible particles and fields.

Published theoretical and experimental results suggest the possibility of generating electricity from ambient fields of invisible radiation. Technological developments for the automated industrial deposition of single-atom layers of graphene, silicon, and alloying elements over large areas are currently being tested. A successful solution to this technological challenge paves the way for the mass industrial production of fuel-free Neutrinovoltaic power sources.

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